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Robert Thomson's Articles in Technology & Communications

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History of Compact Discs A conventional CD will have a diameter of just 12 cm and about 80 minutes audio data can be stored on it. How mobile numbers can reduce your stress levels Remembering contact information is becoming an increasing problem in today's ever growing technological world. Our lives are hectic and stressful, and to add to this we all have a personal point of contact; a mobile phone number, a home landline number, an email address - it's no wonder we can't remember everything that's expected of us. Time has come to streamline communications and take the burden off our minds! Should you compare cell phones? New cell phones are released every day. They come with bigger and better features, enhancing current technology and are becoming more and more extraordinary. We look at some of the more exciting cell phones on the market today. The Charming Legend of Wine Production - it all Started with a Mistake This historical overview examines the birth of wine. Why to use online calling cards Calling cards are a popular option for international and long distance calling these days. With mobile tariffs and landline rates going up, calling cards are used by most of the people who travel frequently. Unlock iPhone 3G There seems to be a lot of confusion around the iPhone 3G, and how to unlock it. There are tons of websites claiming that they can unlock the 3G iPhone with a software solution - they cant! There is no software unlock available yet for the iPhone 3G, anywhere! Rechargeable calling cards Rechargeable calling card is a phone card to pay for telephone calls. As opposed to the standard calling card, this card can be re-billed after the amount of its credit is used up. These cards are particularly useful for making long distance and international calls. They are generally used by students staying away from homes, commerce people and by the people who travel regularly. Online phone cards Calling cards are seemly more and more popular nowadays due to the cheapest charge offered by them. They allow you to call from any telephone that includes mobile, home or office telephone. Online Calling Cards Calling Cards are existing either at the store or at buy through internet. These cards are Typically used for long distance like interstate or international calls. These calling cards have leader quality of communication. Previous you had to go to the store to buy the calling card but now with easy internet access, you can buy the card online. What Types of Wireless Networks Are Available? A wide variety of types and numbers of wireless data networks exist. Some of these operate via wireless voice networks, like cellular telephone networks. Some examples of these include: Cellular Digital Packet Data (CPDP), High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and Packet Data Cellular (PDC-P). Other types of wireless networks operate on the physical layers of their individual networks. These may use a wide variety of signals, including antennas located atop towers, or those designed as part of a handheld device. Some examples of these are Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS) or Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Systems (MMDS) technologies, or 802.11 standards (often used for wireless local area networks, or LANs). In a few instances, the wireless network is designed to connect only with small devices at short distances. One example of this is Bluetooth technology. What is a Wireless Modem? A wireless modem can be described as a device that is connected to a wireless network rather than a telephone line. Computers that use a wireless modem are linked directly with the wireless internet provider (IP), thus allowing access to the Internet. This type of modem is capable of performing at speeds very similar to those of dialup modems, which is much slower than a broadband Internet connection. What is UMTS? As one of the most practical mobile phone innovations to date, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) are part of the latest generation of technology that has broadened the scope of mobile phone use. The following details include some basics about UMTS and the types of applications this technology enables. International calling There are various ways to make international calls. Using VoIP is cost efficient but you require an Internet connection. Dial-up with broadband can provide enhanced quality in making better service. SIP software is also necessary to make international calls. LC Connector This type of connector is a small fiber optic connector closely resembling a tiny Subscriber, or SC connector. It features a form-factor design, and was developed for use by Lucent Technologies specifically for utilization in telephone companies, or TelCo environments. This connector has achieved standardization within the Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Stardards as FOCIS 10, specifically according to those provisions issued by EIA/TIA 604-10. Cheapest International Prepaid Calling Cards Telephones are the greatest way of being in touch with each other. For this form of communication various phones are in use. Like the landline phones, the cell phones and the IP (internet protocol) phones. For the billing of these phones a deep and a fool proof technique has to be in place. It is expected that the billing system be easy for the client to use, and at the same time it should be fool proof. Packet Sniffing Packet Sniffing can best be described as the process of using a software application for audio monitoring of one’s network device. The goal of sniffing is to locate interesting packets. The application monitors the device until it encounters a pack that meets certain conditions, at which point it saves it in a file. Most of the time, potentially interesting packets are those in which terms such as ‘login’ or ‘password’ are found. Sniffing requires one to purchase or encode a software application that is compatible with the interface design featured by your network’s operating system. What is RJ-11? This connector device, an abbreviation for ’Registered Jack’, is the standard for the two-pair, or four-wire engineering design for telephone wiring. This type of physical connector interface is the one used most often when wiring telephone terminals. Despite the fact that this connection device features six positions, only two or four of these are usually used. Two standard varieties of RJ-11 connector wiring are available. These include the Unshielded Twisted Pair, or UTP, and the untwisted wiring, also called flat satin cable. International calling cards comparison Many people all around the world pay more for making international calls. You may tend to spend more money for the same to stay in touch with your beloved ones. However, now you can pay lower rates with the help of calling cards. There are several international phone cards available in the Internet. You may then have the confusion to select the best. International calling card comparison can help you select the best one. How to save on International calling If you need to travel to foreign countries often or to make many international calls, then you may expect spending more on those calls. International calls are quite expensive if you use traditional services. However, there is a better option available today. International calling cards let you make calls from any phone to any country in the world at cheaper rates. Worldwide Calling Cards The time are gone when communication between people across long distances was doable only by sending a messengers wandering on horse. Next came the era of posting mail. Last century we saw telephone come into life. We had to stay for hours to get connected by trunk call inside states not to remark the expense we had to pay for it. Now has the time come when universal calling cards help us to contact people any nook and corner of the world in incredibly fast pace and at nominal price. Keep your telephone bills low Man is a social animal. Communication is very important for him. There are three ways of communicating with others; first is to go meet people in person, second is write a letter and third is call them up. Today life has become so chaotic that people hardly find time to go and meet friends or loved ones. Calling from Mexico to USA In this 21st century communicating with each other, even while staying far apart has become easier. It has become cheaper and faster too comparing to old days. People can communicate with each other over the phone and online also. There are lots of convenient modes of communicating over phone, like using prepaid cards, calling cards and phone cards. Calling Card It is regular that you like to communicate with your family when you are miles away from home. Similarly, it is important to argue the commerce matters with your associates from wherever in the world. However, making international calls are quite dear in traditional services. Hence, calling cards are the best alternative to make such long distance calls. Calling cards and the Internet International calls are quite expensive. Though, you need to make such long distance calls if you are a student studying in a distant country or if you are required to communicate with company associates in other countries. There are several ways existing now to save your money on international calls. Best International Calling Cards In the early 70’s telephone was invited to communication services for people all over the world. Thanks to the invention of cellular phones and pay phones, people are closer and connected any time. How to Reset your LinkSys Router’s Password All LinkSys router passwords are normally set up at the same time as the initial router setup but may be changed at any time. For security purposes the default password “admin” should be updated. It is important to reset the password in order to avoid unauthorized users from accessing the router’s web page. Updating the password from the default password is also an important step in enabling the remote management option. Again, the Linksys router’s default password is “admin”. All Linksys routers have a built-in web-based setup page where users may customize settings and set up advanced properties. Password details are included in these setting options. Cisco Router Password Recovery Retrieving your password using the majority of Cisco routers is easily achieved by accessing the console port. The problem is that Cisco has bought out a large number of other companies and placed their company label on the router. As a result, password retrieval procedures differ significantly among Cisco devices. Furthermore, the retrieval process changed significantly because of IOS upgrades. The intent of this article is to offer basic instructions that will allow the majority of Cisco device users to accomplish this task. Through following these instructions, you will be able to retrieve your lost password from most Cisco routers. Please note that these instructions are designed to assist those using the 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 7000, and IGS devices. What is the Purpose of an Ethernet Crossover Cable? An Ethernet crossover cable is a cable that can be used to create a very simple computer network. To create a computer network, one must join at least two computers together for sharing program files and data. Sometimes, computer networks are extremely complex, involving many computers, as well as routers and hubs. Each of these computers interacts and shares data with the others. Web Space and Web Hosting Services Picking a trusted online hosting company is important to keeping your site useful and your overheads down. How do you explain the purpose of the OSI model? The reference model used by most Intelligence Technology (IT) experts to explain the functions of both networks and their applications is the Open System Interconnection, or OSI model. This concept was originally developed for the purpose of describing an entire range of protocols for production networks. The expense and intricacy of the programming process required to successfully define this network made this descriptive project unfeasible. Furthermore, while the OSI designers quibbled over individual responsibilities of the application’s features, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, became the world’s standard instead. Eulogy Examples to Help You Prepare How to Use Eulogy Examples to Help You in the Writing Process Freedom of browsing on Internet through Proxies What is the point of having Internet but when the information is filtered or blocked ? What can you do you unblock and get your right of freedom of Internet ? Prepaid Cell Phones Are The Wave Of The Future For a variety of reasons consumers are shifting their focus from monthly contract plans to prepaid cell phone service. This shift seems to be about control and freedom first, and saving money second. A Guide to Body Language in Dubai This is a helpful guide to explain the meaning of body language and gesticulations in the United Arab Emirates. The Authentic Smell of Dubai This is a helpful guide to explain the heavy scent of the local perfumes traditionally worn by men and women in Dubai. Dubai Culture and Women - Do's and Don'ts This is a helpful guide to explain some of the intricacies of culture in Dubai where related to interaction with women. The world’s best 4x4’s Did you ever wonder to yourself, what the soccer mom who races from band practice to Pick ‘n Pay does with a Land Rover Discovery? Will she ever use this formidable beast to conquer the open wilds? Will she ever scramble across mud and desert, changing the tire if a piece of scrap metal rips them open? No. That will never happen. 4x4’s are a status symbol and the bigger they are, the better prepared you are. For the shopping centre that is. So stop rolling your eyes. You know you want one. I mean, who wants to dirty the paintwork? A 4x4 is a considerable investment, often costing double the price of any ‘normal’ car. However, they have many uses outside of taking the kids to school and are sturdy, gas-guzzling beasts. A 4x4 will never let you down. Ready-to-Assemble Cabinets: Top Quality at Affordable Prices Some homeowners nowadays go on a strict budget when trying to buy furnishings and other stuff for their homes, like for example cabinets. If these cabinets are still of high quality, some would go for just refinishing it. How to Make a Proxy Site Making a proxy site involves quite a few steps but can be realized without exerting much effort and can be very helpful. But before you can make your own proxy site (without coughing up cash), you got to have the prerequisites. How to Find a Proxy for Facebook Finding a proxy would not oblige you to download or install any software if you want to visit sites such as Facebook that are blocked by the school or office. To look for proxies for Facebook, you can just simply search the Web through Internet search engines like Google or Yahoo!. You can find numerous websites that offer proxies compatible with Facebook. Choose one among them depending on what you want. Baud Rate Baud Rate can be roughly defined as the speed of transmission of data between two computers. All forms of communication using the Serial Port requires the presence of four parameters: the baud rate of the transmission being the very first parameter, then comes the number of data bits encoding a character, the third in line is the optional parity bit, and last one is the number of stop bits. Each character transmitted using this method uses a character frame that has a single start bit, then data bits, the parity bit which is optional, and lastly the stop bit(s). TTY In the early days of Unix, teletypewriters or ttys were used by users to communicate over a serial line with the mainframe computer. The mainframe had no keyboard or monitor as it has now and so during those early days, all commands were issued through the tty. The output of the commands was typed on the printer that was part of the tty. The tty terminals had no processing power of their own and hence were known as “dumb” terminals. How to Turn Off Internet Explorer’s Proxy Setting Detection Feature If, for any reason, you wish to turn off Internet Explorer’s proxy setting detection feature, begin by clicking on “Start”. This button is found at the left lower portion of your computer’s toolbar and is labeled “Start”. What is Modulation? Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external signals. How Proxy Servers Protect Your Privacy A proxy server protects your privacy by being the ‘middleman’ between you and a real server. When you visit a website, it intercepts your requests to determine if it can manage your requests by itself. If it can’t take care of your request, the proxy server will send the request to the real server. Thus, it provides you with indirect access to real servers. How to Unblock Websites at School with Web Proxies If you need to unblock a blocked website at school, you can use a Web proxy to do this. You must initially obtain a proxy server. You can have a free Web proxy or subscribe to a professional proxy provider. What is Jitter? Jitter is technically defined as a variation of a periodic signal or pulse from its ideal position in time. It is most commonly encountered in telecommunications (also called packet delay variation – PDV - the variation in the time of arrival of packets in a high-speed data transmission) and in electronic systems (the deviation in the amplitude, phase, timing or width of high-frequency digital signals). What is DMA? DMA is Direct Memory Access. DMA is a system that allows memory to be controlled without passing through the CPU. What is a USB device? A USB device is any peripheral hardware that connects and runs on a computer's Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface - a standardized socket that allows connection and disconnection of devices without having to reboot the computer. USB controls the peripheral devices in a master/slave relationship. What is 802.11g? The 802.11g is one of the standards defined by IEEE Standards Committee for wireless local area networks (WLAN). Commonly known as WiFi, it is a specification that offers wireless transmission over relatively short distances of up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps). It replaced the original WiFi, standard, 802.11b, which only allows speeds up to 11 Mbps. How does one set-up Free to Air Satellite receivers? A Free to Air Satellite receiver (abbreviated FTA receivers) refers to satellite receivers that are designed to receive unencrypted FTA satellite transmissions. What is Change management? Change Management refers to an IT Service Management discipline whose objective is to ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient and prompt handling of changes to controlled IT infrastructure. What is CAT 6? CAT 6 (short for Category 6) refers to an Ethernet cable as defined by Electronic Industries Association and Telecommunication Industry Association (EIA/TIA). What is S-Video? S-Video or Separate Video (also referred to as Y/S and erroneously as 'super video') is an analog video signal that transmits video data in two separate and distinct signals - one for color and the other for brightness. This procedure is a departure from the composite video concept where the entire set of information is transferred as a composite (all in one) package. S-Video works in 576i and 480i resolution. What is 568A? EIA/TIA 568A is a standard for the pin arrangements of RJ-45 connectors on Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) wire. Where can I Get Xbox Live Free Trial Codes? There are many different websites where you can get the Xbox Live codes. Some of these web sites offer tons of free codes after you have played some of the other games offered on their website. How can I convert AVI to DVD? AVI to DVD conversion has become a fairly common type of file conversion these days. It has become fairly easy to burn a movie stored on your hard disk in AVI format to a disk so that you can watch it on a standard dvd player. But what is the difference between the two formats anyway? What is DisplayPort? DisplayPort is the new digital display interface standard. It has been recently approved (5/2006) by VESA and will be hitting the markets in 2008. For most computer users, the fairly big and bulky VGA port is familiar. While the VGA port has been extremely reliable and has delivered competent performance, the new standard – the Display Port – is considered to be quite an upgrade from traditional VGA ports and is on par with HDMI. How Do I Unblock Websites? The answer to this question is determined by what is blocking you from accessing a website. If the website itself is blocking you, then you have one set of solutions. If there is something between you and the website which is blocking you, then you have a different set of solutions. How do I unlock a phone? Mobile phone carriers commonly subsidize the costs of new cell phones. The customer pays $99 for a five hundred dollar phone and the carrier pays the rest of the cost. The customer signs a service contract where the customer agrees to stay with the service provider for a number of years. Over the lifetime of that contract, the mobile phone service provider makes enough profit to cover their initial subsidy on the purchase of the cell phone. What does 'This device cannot start. Code 10 in audio driver' mean? If you receive the Windows error "This device cannot start. Code 10 in audio driver”, it means that you have a bad, missing or incompatible driver for your sound card. How Do I Change My Password MSN uses the Windows Live ID which works on all Microsoft Passport Sites. What are anonymous proxy servers Anonymous proxy servers are web servers that connect to a third party website and retrieves files or other resources on behalf of a requesting client. All throughout the transaction, the proxy server shall identify itself as the one requesting the resource, thereby maintaining the anonymity of the requesting client. RAR Password A password can be used to protect the contents of a Rar file, which is a compressed file format. The user-defined password is used to encrypt the file using a strong AES-128 standard encryption algorithm. Anyone trying to extract the contents of the Rar file needs to supply the correct password that was used for encryption. If the person fails to supply a password or types in a wrong password, they cannot extract the contents of the Rar file. How to Create a Flyer To create a flyer, you need a topic (e.g., something you’re selling or announcing), a little imagination and creativity, some relevant images to make the flyer interesting, flyer-creating software and a printer. What is DNS DNS (Domain Name System), is the service which translates between Internet names and Internet addresses. How Do I Convert MP4 to MP3 Converting MP4 to MP3 is extremely simple to do and usually only requires a small application. MP3 is one of the world's most popular digital audio formats, due to its high sound quality and high compression rate that makes these files very small and easy to work with. What are Molex Connectors A Molex connector is a lingo term used to refer to a type of connector used in microcomputers. The Molex connector was designed by Molex. Molex is a large electronic component manufacturing company founded in 1938. How Do I Change My Hotmail Password There are two ways to change a Hotmail password. If the current password is known, it can be used to sign in and then change the password. But if the current password has been forgotten, then it has to be reset. Solidworks Tutorial SolidWorks allows you to view 3d parts from all different angles. There are infinite ways to view an object, but engineers usually only concern themselves with 4 main views. You can see these views in the above picture of the green link. Routing Tables In computer networking, a routing table is an electronic table or database type object that is stored in a router or a networked computer. The routing table stores the routes (and details related with those routes) and network destinations. The routing table contains the topology of the immediate network. The primary goal of routing protocols and static routes is to construct the routing tables. UDP UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is one of the two main transport protocols utilized in IP networks. Free Icons We have animated icons, funny icons, naughty icons, and pretty much any other emoticon you can think of. IP Address Classes An IP address is the unique 12 digit number sequence used to identify you over the internet. Every addressing system needs to adhere to some rules so that unique identification can be made easier. As defined by the IEEE committee, an IP address must inform the internet as to what workstation it is part of and which particular node it is of. An IP address class is a series of five different ranges, an IP of which tells the internet how big the network is. Change MSN Password MSN is an ISP (Internet Service Provider) which is owned and operated by Microsoft Corporation. In addition, Microsoft uses the MSN brand on a number of web sites which they operate. Which is the Best Browser A browser is a program you use for surfing the internet. There are many browsers available on the internet market today, the most popular being Firefox, Opera and Internet Explorer. The way to rate a browser out of the above as the best browser to use is discussed below. CMYK A color model in computer terms is a list of numbers which can be used to uniquely identify colors. CMYK, which stands for Cyan Magenta Yellow and Key or Black, is a color model which is used in digital printing. It has now been accepted to refer to the whole printing process. CMYK is sometimes called a subtractive color model since it gives colors by absorbing or ‘subtracting’ certain wavelengths from white light. It achieves very high quality of printing by setting ‘screen angles’ for various colors, which is the angle at which the wavelengths for these colors is absorbed. These angles are varied according to the number of colors needed. SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol, or SNMP as it is more popularly known, is defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and is an internet protocol method. It is part of the application layer of the TCP/IP system. It consists of protocols for network management. It forms a key component of network management systems and is used in monitoring device functionality, alerting administrators to conditions that warrant their attention. How Can I Send Free SMS SMS, which stands for Short Messaging Service, is a communication protocol wherein short text messages can be sent between two mobile phones supporting this feature. SMS has now gradually expanded, and now refers to any device that supports this feature, which includes but is not limited to, landline phones, cordless devices, web servers, etc. Even text messages sent nowadays without using this protocol have come to be referred to as SMS. Usually, mobile telephony providers charge a small per message fee for SMS. There are however, ways to bypass this fee as discussed below. MicroStation Tips & Tricks from Axiom In this MicroStation Tips & Tricks article (http://AxiomInt.com), one of Axiom's MicroStation gurus, Rick Sewell, shows you how to create a CSV file (from a design file) that contains all of the level symbology of that design file, neatly laid out. In later articles, Rick will show you what you can do with it. - Editor DIMM A DIMM is a Dual Inline Memory Module. A DIMM is a small circuit board designed to hold a set of RAM chips. A DIMM has a 64-bit data bus, which allows DIMM's to be connected one at a time to a CPU with a 64-bit data bus. Hostname A name is the identifier of your computer on the network. A hostname is the DNS name of a computer on a network. EVDO Evolution Data Optimized, also known as Evolution Data Only or EVDO (EV-DO) is a type of broadband data transfer standard designed for cellular networks. It was adopted primarily by Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network providers as one of the major components of the CDMA2000 standards family. EVDO is currently the primary competitor for HSDPA, or High-Speed Downlink Packet Access. Like HSDPA, EVDO is a third generation cellular technology (3G) which can be used to download various bits of data, voice, and television shows from the cellular network to an EVDO device. EVDO in the United States is currently offered by Sprint, Alltel, and Verizon Wireless providers. One of the limitations of transmitting and receiving mobile data is the lack of bandwidth. EVDO technology was created to overcome this limitation and deliver large amounts of data to and from mobile devices. Opening RAR Files UnRAR-ing a file is just the opposite of RARing a file, as one might guess. Basically, you are undoing the RAR format and then extracting the files content. If you are an end user, this isn't a big deal if the WinRAR comes with an UnRAR option. If there is an option to UnRAR, you simply have to click the button, and just as when you unzip files, the RAR file will be extracted to the folder of your choice. ECC Memory ECC memory is Error-Correcting Code memory. MTTR MTTR stands for Mean Time To Repair. MTTR is the amount of time between when something breaks and when it has been repaired and is fully functional again. WMV Files WMV (Windows Media Video) is a generic name for video encoding solutions developed by Microsoft. The format is a part of the Windows Media framework that also includes formats like Windows Media Audio (WMA), Advanced Systems Format (ASF) and High Definition Photo (HDP). WMV files use the Microsoft container format and represent Microsoft's own version of MPEG-4 (Part 2) video encoding technology. RAR Files A RAR file is a proprietary file format for archiving and data compression. A Russian engineer named Eugene Roshal developed this type of file for MS-DOS before it was later used in other operating systems as well. Nokia 6220 Classic Due for Release This Month The Nokia 6220 Classic is a candy bar and sophisticated designed smart phone that comes in two colour choices. Nokia N96 Due for Release Next Month The new Nokia N96 is a fabulously designed 3G smart phone that features an unique dual opening mechanism which is also designed to be the next flagship of Nokia handsets. HSCSD HSCSD or High Speed - Circuit Switched Data is a high speed data transfer technology for GSM-based networks. It improves upon the Circuit Switched Data technology in order to enhance data throughput capacity while using currently existing network infrastructure. What are Emoticons Emoticons are popular selections of graphic media that is currently used in chat software. These graphics are commonly used by people in order to relay the feelings they have at that given moment. A good example of these graphics would be the so-called “Smileys”, wherein it is placed within the text as an indication the user is “happy”. Hence, other groups of characters are also available in order to form a specific image. About Botnet BotNet, also called zombie network and network of bots is a group of computers which are used to discreetly send data like spam and viruses to other computers on the internet. These actions are carried out by malicious programs without the knowledge of the users. How can I change my hotmail password Hotmail is a free (i.e. advertiser supported) web based e-mail system provided by Microsoft Corporation.The way to change your Hotmail password is to change your Microsoft Passport password. Error Loading Operating System This error appears when the Operating System of a computer fails to load from the hard drive into the Random Access Memory. How does LDAP work Lightweight Directory Access Protocol or LDAP is a TCP/IP-based Internet protocol used by email programs and a few other applications to search and fetch information from a directory stored on a server. A directory is a data repository storing identical chunks of information in a hierarchical and logical sequence. Who was it that Invented Electricity Electricity is a naturally occurring form of energy found in nature, and human beings did not invent it. Natural forms of electricity are found in lightning and in all electro-chemical impulses within living beings. For instance, the heartbeat is controlled by a micro-impulse of electricity. All forms of thought are electro-chemical impulses traveling within the neural network in the brain. Emoticon A small text-based or graphics-based picture or icon used in a message in order to convey an emotion is known as an “Emoticon”. Emoticons have been in vogue since the days of the Morse code. Back then, they were used more as a code rather than a graphical symbol. Only people familiar with the code could interpret them. 'No Audio Device' Error If you have experienced a Windows "No Audio Device" error, it most likely means that your sound card is not installed properly. Proxy.com A Proxy is a software program that resides in-between a client computer and a server. All communication between the client and the server are routed through the proxy. The proxy software can reside either on a dedicated computer, sandwiched between the client and the server, or exist in the client computer itself. The proxy acts like a filter that sifts all communication that occurs between the client and the server.
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